Environment and society is connected to cities and villages and then to local people. Chain moves from coastal erosion to it and then to east coast and west coast, coastal erosion, coastal area, and coastal areas, as well as related (and repeated) nouns shoreline and shorelines. In the excerpt below, the cohesive chain is relatively easy to identify, and several cohesive chains are developed simultaneously without interfering with one another. A lack of cohesion results in a choppy, unconnected style. If a text is not fully coherent, it is hard to make sense of it: this is usually because structuring is not optimal and the relation between sentences and paragraphs is not sufficiently explicit.Ĭohesion is a surface phenomenon: it concerns the grammatical and lexical features that create ties between sentences, most importantly lexical repetition, use of substituting pronouns (it / these) and linking words (transitions, complex prepositions). These are often left implicit, but they can also be made explicit by the use of signals such as the problem was or as a result. problem / solution comparison / contrast cause / contrast). To a large extent, coherence depends on readers' familiarity with text schemata: their expectations of how the text will develop are shaped by their knowledge of typical discourse patterns (e.g. Coherence refers to the underlying logical relations which make the text a unified whole rather than a sequence of unconnected sentences.